— Lalrintluangi,
Research Scholar, Dept. of Psychology, MZU

Abstract: This study examines the predictive role of Perceived Social Support (PSS) from friends, family and significant others on Subjective well-being (SWB). It also explores the relationship between the mentioned variables and investigates if there is any sex difference on PSS and SWB. The sample for this study consists of Mizo college students studying in Mizoram age ranging between 17 – 24 years. The result of the study shows that male and female Mizo college students differ in terms of SWB and SWB is predicted by PSS.
Keyword: Perceived social support, well-being, Mizo, Mizoram,
Mizo society is considered a collectivistic society and a study conducted by Fente & Singh (2007) confirmed the presence of perceived collectivism among Mizo. Social interdependence is the key characteristic of collectivistic culture and collectivists enjoy closer and supportive networks (Singeles & Brown, 1995; Triandis et al., 1990). Social interdependence being a key characteristic of collectivistic culture, social support is considered an important contributor to well-being in such culture.
Subjective well-being & Perceived Social Support
Subjective well-being (SWB) reflects personal assessment of one’s lives associated with positive feelings (Pinquart & Sorensen, 2000). It consists of cognitive component- life satisfaction, and emotional component- positive and negative affect (Diener et al., 1999; Diener & Lucas, 1999). People are said to experience greater SWB when they are satisfied with their life and experience more positive emotion than unpleasant ones.
Perceived Social Support (PSS) refers to level of support a person believes will be available when needed. It is defined as the degree to which a person believes their need for support are fulfilled (Procidano & Heller, 1983). PSS is considered a more important determinant of well-being than actual support received since it reflects the person’s perception of their relationship quality with others. PSS shows a person’s thought about the availability of support from their social network/s and whether they believe they will get the needed support or not (Gallagher & Vella-Brodrick, 2008) .
Different kinds of support are needed under different circumstances and support provided by different social network may be more beneficial depending on the situation. In a collectivistic familial culture family integration may be more valued than other kind of relationship (Fukayama, 1995). As such it is significant to see the support provided by different social network. Lack of support from one social network may be compensated by support from other sources, for e.g., support from family may compensate lack of support from friends (Fukayama, 1995; Han & Choe, 1994).
Studies have shown that PSS and SWB are positively related (Cohen et al., 2000). PSS has been suggested to be crucial predictor of SWB (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Diener & Seligman, 2002). A study conducted by Brannan and colleagues (2013) shows that PSS from family but not from friends is a significant predictor of the three components of SWB and increase in life satisfaction and positive affect enhances SWB and increase in negative affect has a negative effect on SWB (Brannan et al., 2013). In another study PSS predicts SWB; perceived support from family explains 18% of variance in SWB and the study also found that perceived support from friends and significant others does not have any impact on SWB (Gülaçti, 2010). In another study among college students, PSS is positively related to life satisfaction and positive affect, the study also shows that perceived family support and support from significant others predict life satisfaction and positive affect but perceived friend support does not play a predictive role in SWB (Ammar et al., 2013).
Gender difference in SWB and PSS yielded mix results. Generally, female score lower than male in SWB (Karlsson & Archer, 2007). Some studies found that men have greater SWB compared to women (Brannan et al., 2013; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2001) and other studies contradict the finding (Fujita et al., 1991). There are studies that show that female experiences more negative affect than male (Lucas & Gohm, 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema & Rusting, 2003) and also experience hogher level of psychopathology (Eaton et al., 2012; Grant & Weissman, 2007). There are also studies that emphasize that people did not differ in terms of gender in SWB (Sharma & Jain, 2016). General findings suggest that female score higher than male in PSS and the difference is prominent in perceived friend support (Colarossi & Eccles, 2003; Rueger et al., 2008, 2010). Females also have greater perceived quality support than male (Ross & Mirowsky, 1989; Strine et al., 2007; Turner & Marino, 1994). There are also studies that reported no gender difference in PSS (Ammar et al., 2013).
Mizo late adolescents and emerging adults
College students are on the verge of entering adulthood. Some belong to the developmental period of late adolescence while others come under emerging adulthood. The important developmental tasks for late adolescents and emerging adults are exploring self-identity, developing autonomy from family and decision making about career (Arnett 2000, 2014). In Mizo society children did not leave their parents’ house just because they become an adult. So majority of the college students live with their family and still depend on their parents or family for financial support. Parents are hypothesized to still exert a great amount of control on their children and at the same time society started to expect them to engage in and fulfill social obligations.
There is a general assumption that globalization and modernization entail individualistic orientation. Especially with the easy accessible of internet and popularity of social media in today’s word, even without leaving the country one is virtually exposed to other culture. Studies conducted in recent years hint the presence and increased orientation towards individualism among Mizo. There are research findings that revealed the coexistence of individualism and collectivism in Mizo society (Ralte & Fente, 2017) and Mizo adolescents display more individualistic attitudes than their parents (Vanlalhruaia, 2011). Contrary to these findings, Lalkhawngaihi & Fente (2020) in their study found that Mizo young adults score significantly higher in Normative and collectivistic cultural orientation than old adults.
Theories and research stated that friends become significantly important during adolescents and the trend continues in late adolescents and emerging adults where significant other (e.g., romantic partner) becomes increasingly important in one’s life. At the same time studies show that circumstances may easily change network of friends (e.g., moving to new places, going off to college, etc) but family stays relatively constant, especially in collectivistic culture where family is an important social network (Triandis, 1995; Mortazavi et al., 2009). The support provided by friends is considered to be voluntary and friends are not necessarily obliged to provide support but family members are likely to feel obligated to provide support (Bassuk et al., 2002).
Present study
The change in significance of social network during adolescents and emerging adult being stated, support from friends and significant others become increasingly important for their well-being. The continuous importance of family and the durability of support provided by family being highlighted, support from family is likely to be equally if not more important predictor of adolescents’ and emerging adults’ well-being especially in collectivistic culture. There are studies presenting contradicting results regarding Mizo cultural orientation (e.g., Lalkhawngaihi & Fente, 2020; Ralte & Fente, 2017; Vanlalhruaia, 2011). When there are research findings indicating a shift towards individualistic attitudes among Mizo adolescents and young adults, it is important to explore the role that social support plays in determining well-being and the kind of social network that contributed most to adolescents’ and emerging adults’ well-being. To explore the relationship between PSS and SWB the following objectives and hypotheses are formed:
O1. To study the effect of sex on the measures of PSS and SWB
O2. To study the relationship between measures of PSS and SWB
H1. There will be significant effect of sex on measures of PSS and SWB.
H2. There will be significant positive relationship between measures of PSS and SWB
H3. PSS will significantly predict SWB.
Methods:
The data was collected among Mizo college students during March and April of 2021. Rabdom sampling method was used to ensure representativeness of the sample. The sample for this study was taken from seven undergraduate colleges in Aizawl, Mizoram. Samples were taken from different streams of studies- arts, commerce, physical science, earth science, life science and management. 448 participants age range between 17-24 years (211 male & 237 female) were included in the study. Rapport was formed with the participants and they were ensured that confidentiality will be maintained. Only those who consent to participate were included in the study. The students signed the consent form and completed the questionnaires in the classrooms. Appropriate statistical analyses were used on the correlation design of the study.
The following scales were used to investigate SWB and PSS in the study:
For measuring Subjective wellbeing (SWB) two scales were used
1) Participants’ cognitive component of SWB was measured using Life Satisfaction Scale by Diener and collegues (1985). The scale consists of 5 items having four-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly disagree). The reliability of the scale in the present study is 0.79 using Pearson’s product moment correlation.
2) Participants’ affective component of SWB was measured using Positive And Negative Affective Scale (PANAS) by Watson and colleagues (1988). The scale consists of 10 positive affect item and 10 negative affect items having five-point Likert-type scale with responses ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). The reliability of the scale analyzed using Pearson’s product moment correlation in this study for positive affect is 0.80, for negative affect it is 0.75. The balance affect score is calculated by subtracting the total negative affect (NA) score from positive affect (PA) score.
The aggregate score of SWB is calculated by subtracting the balance affect score from life satisfaction score. [SWLS + (PA-NA)].
For measuring PSS, The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet & colleagues (1988) was used. This scale consists of 12-item having seven-point Likert-type scale with responses ranging from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree) having three sub-scales- PSS from family, friends and significant others. The reliability of the scale in this study using Pearson’s product moment correlation is .90 for total scale, .89, .88 and .88 for the subscales PSS from family, friends and significant others respectively.
Results:
To determine normality of the scores distribution skewness and kurtosis were checked (Table 1). The study consists of 448 participants, the sample being large enough skewness and kurtosis less than 1 was assumed to be normal distribution for this study. Leven’s test for homogeneity of variance was also checked and the results showed no violation of the assumption allowing for the use of parametric test (Table 2).
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics
Scale | N | Mean | SD | Skewness | Std. error | Kurtosis | Std. error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SWB | |||||||
Male | 211 | 27.22 | 13.05 | .254 | .167 | .638 | .332 |
Female | 237 | 20.24 | 13.20 | -.008 | .157 | -.158 | .313 |
PSS_TT | |||||||
Male | 211 | 59.11 | 14.75 | -.628 | .167 | .003 | .332 |
Female | 237 | 59.35 | 14.27 | -.642 | .157 | .206 | .313 |
PSS_FA | |||||||
Male | 211 | 20.11 | 5.92 | -.600 | .167 | -.377 | .332 |
Female | 237 | 19.59 | 6.18 | -.688 | .157 | -.264 | .313 |
PSS_FR | |||||||
Male | 211 | 19.69 | 5.77 | -.710 | .167 | .026 | .332 |
Female | 237 | 19.88 | 5.55 | -.596 | .157 | -.596 | .313 |
PSS_SO | |||||||
Male | 211 | 19.31 | 6.52 | -.601 | .167 | -4.11 | .332 |
Female | 237 | 19.89 | 6.08 | -.514 | .157 | -4.95 | .313 |
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
Table 2: Levene’s test of equality of error variance
F | df | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|
SWB | .134 | 446 | .715 |
PSS_TT | .481 | 446 | .488 |
PSS_FA | .274 | 446 | .601 |
PSS_FR | .395 | 446 | .567 |
PSS_SO | .897 | 446 | .256 |
An independent t-test was employed to compare male and female on the measures of SWB, PSS and the components of PSS (Table 3). The results showed significant sex difference on SWB with males (M= 27.22, SD= 13.05) scoring higher than females (M= 20.24, SD= 13.20) while sex difference was not observed on any measures of PSS.
Table 3. Independent sample t-test based on sex t-test for equality of means
Dependent variable | t | df | Sig | Mean difference | Std error difference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SWB | 5.29 | 446 | .001 | 6.58 | 1.24 |
PSSTT | -.17 | 446 | .863 | -.24 | 1.37 |
PSS_FA | .92 | 446 | .358 | .53 | .57 |
PSS_FR | -.35 | 446 | .728 | -.19 | .53 |
PSS_SO | -.97 | 446 | .332 | -.58 | .59 |
Significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailes) |
A Pearson product-moment correlation was employed to explore the relationship between SWB and PSS and its components (Table 4). The results showed that SWB positively correlated with PSS total score (r=0.36, p<0.01), perceived family support (r=0.40, p< 0.01), perceived friend support (r=0.20, p<0.01) and perceived support from significant others (r=0.28, p<0.01). PSS total score correlate positively with its three components perceived family support (r=0.80, p< 0.01), perceived friend support (r=0.81, p<0.01) and perceived support from significant other (r=0.83, p<0.01).
Table 4. Correlation between SWB, PSS, PSS from family, friends and significant others
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | SWB_TT | 1 | .40** | .44** | .22** | .30** |
2 | PSS_TT | 1 | .79** | .80** | .82** | |
3 | PSS_FA | 1 | .45** | .45** | ||
4 | PSS_FR | 1 | .51** | |||
5 | PSS_SO | 1 | ||||
Significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailes) |
Multiple regression analysis was conducted using enter method to predict SWB from PSS total scores and the three components of PSS (Table 5). The assumptions for regression were checked. PSS total scores showed multicollinearity which violated assumption for regression and PSS total scores was excluded from the analysis. The result shows that 20.7% of the variance in SWB can be accounted for by the predictors collectively, F (3/444) = 38.68, p<.000, R2 = .207. Looking at the unique individual contributions of the predictors, the result shows that perceived support from friends (â =.388, t= 7.84, p< .000) and perceived support from significant others (â = .137, t= 2.66, p< .008) positively predict SWB. The result shows that perceived family support is the greater contributor to Mizo college students’ well-being followed by perceived support from significant others. Interestingly, perceive support from friend has negative but insignificant contribution to SWB. Looking at the part correlation, perceived support from family has a greater unique contribution to SWB (r=.331) compared to perceived support from significant others (r=.113)
Table 5. Regression coefficient showing prediction of SWB from PSS and its components
Predictor | R2 | df | Sig | F | â | t | sig | Part correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSS_FA | .207 | 3/444 | 38.68 | .000 | .388 | 7.84 | .000 | .331 |
PSS_FR | -.022 | -.43 | .666 | -.018 | ||||
PSS_SO | .137 | 2.66 | .008 | .113 |
Discussion & conclusion:
The main objective of the study was to determine the predictive role of Perceived social support (PSS) and its three components (PSS from family, friends and significant others) on SWB and to explore sex difference on the measures of Subjective well-being (SWB) and Perceived social support. The results showed that male and female differ in terms of SWB, with male having greater SWB than female. The study also proved that Perceived social support from family and significant others are indeed predictors of SWB.
Mizo male college students have greater SWB than Mizo female college students. The same findings have been observed in other parts of the world too (Brannan et al., 2013; Karlsson & Archer, 2007). A number of studies showed that female experience more negative mood and experience higher levels of psychopathology than males (Eaton et al., 2012; Lucas & Gohm, 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema & Rusting, 2003), which seems to be reflected in the SWB of Mizo college students too. Mizoram despite being a state where females are said to be valued in the society and gender inequality is low, violence against women still persist even in educational institution. Verbal, sexual and psychological violence against female college students are prevalent among the undergraduate colleges in Aizawl district (Mishra, 2020) which may explain why female college students experience greater SWB than male college students.
Male and female Mizo college students did not differ in their perception of support which is in line with a study among Labenese college students where sex difference was not observed in their study (Ammar et al., 2013). Despite the presence of theories that support that females have larger and more intimate social network the finding of this study shows that males and females are more alike than they are different in terms of perceived social support.
This study confirms that Mizo college students SWB and their perceived social support are positively related, those who perceived higher social support also have greater SWB. College students are at a stage where their friends and significant others such as romantic partner are likely to play an important role in their life. Although SWB is positively related to PSS total scores, PSS from family, PSS from friends and PSS from significant others, PSS from friends was not a significant predictor of their SWB. Perceived family support and perceived significant others support significantly predicts SWB. In fact, perceived family support had greater contribution to SWB than friend support which can be seen from the standardized beta value (â for PSS family= .39, â for PSS family = .14) as well as from the part correlation. The part correlation of PSS from family and SWB (r=.33) is greater than that between PSS from significant others and SWB (r=.11). College students still depend on their family financially, this may contribute to the perceived family support being the greatest predictor of their SWB and late adolescents and emerging adults are at the stage where they enjoy romantic relationship, this also may explain why PSS from significant others predict SWB although significant others in this study is not limited to romantic partners. Having someone special whom we trust will help us out contributes to SWB.
Among the perceived social support, perceived family support contributed the most to SWB of Mizo college students who represented Mizo late adolescents/ emerging adults. This highlighted the importance of family in Mizo society. While there are studies showing increased orientation of Mizo youths to individualistic attitudes, family integration which is an important characteristic of collectivistic familial culture (Fukayama, 1995) still seems to be valued greatly.
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Cite the original source:
Lalrintluangi and Zoengpari. “The Predictive Role Of Perceived Social Support In Mizo: Does It Really Contribute To Subjective Well-Being?” Mizo Studies, X, no. 3, Sept. 2021, pp. 471–487.